Niagara Power Project FERC No. 2216
RESOURCE CAPABILITY, UTILIZATION, AND PRODUCTS
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Prepared for: New York Power Authority
Prepared by: E/PRO Engineering & Environmental Consulting, LLC
August 2005
Copyright © 2005 New York Power Authority
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Agencies
EC Environment Canada
FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
IJC International Joint Commission
INBC International Niagara Board of Control
NYISO New York Independent System Operator
NYPSC New York Public Service Commission
NYSRC New York State Reliability Council
OMOE Ontario Ministry of the Environment
OMNR Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources
OPG Ontario Power Generation
USACE United States Army Corps of Engineers
USGS United States Geological Survey
Units of Measure
C Celsius, Centigrade
cfs cubic feet per second
El. elevation
F Fahrenheit
fps feet per second
G giga (prefix for one billion)
gpm gallons per minute
GW gigawatt
GWh gigawatt-hour
hp horsepower
Hz hertz, cycles per second
k kilo (prefix for one thousand)
km kilometer
kV kilovolt
kVA kilovolt-ampere
kW kilowatt
kWh kilowatt-hour
L liter
m meter
M mega (prefix for one million)
mgd million gallons per day
ml milliliter
MV megavolt
mVA millivolt-ampere
MVA megavolt-ampere
MW megawatt
Mwh megawatt-hour
V volt
W watt
Wh watt-hour
Regulatory
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
NEPA National Environmental Policy Act
NYPSC New York Public Service Commission
Miscellaneous
APEA Applicant-Prepared Environmental Assessment
CENDA Center for Development Analysis
DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement
EA Environmental Assessment
EIS Environmental Impact Statement
FSCR First Stage Consultation Report
ICAP Installed Capacity
LBMP Locational Based Marginal Price
LENRIB Lake
Erie
LPGP
LSE Load Serving Entity
MIS Market Information System
NERC North American Electric Reliability Council
NMPC Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation
NPCC Northeast Power Coordinating Council
NYCA
NYISO
NYSEG
NYSRC
OASIS Open Access Same-Time Information System
OATT Open Access Transmission Tariff
RG&
RMNPP Robert Moses Niagara Power Project
TO Transmission Owner
TCC Transmission
Congestion Contracts
The New York Independent System Operator (NYISO) and the
New York State Reliability Council (NYSRC) are charged with ensuring the
reliable and safe operation of the New York Control Area (NYCA) bulk power
electric system. The Niagara Power
Project is electrically connected to the NYCA high voltage transmission system,
which has nearly 11,000 miles of transmission lines and over 360 individual
electric generating units. The peak
electric use (“load” or “demand”) of
The NYISO is a not-for-profit corporation created in 1999
to maintain reliable, safe, and efficient operation of the
Prior to November 1999, the generation owned by the Power
Authority, the investor-owned utilities, and others was coordinated and
dispatched at the direction of the New York Power Pool. Since November 1999 and the creation of NYISO,
Since the inception of the deregulated market, generation in
Also new with the advent of the deregulated power market, consumers can bid their load in to the Day-Ahead market, and pre-buy electric service to guarantee a fixed price for their electric needs on the following day. Both load not bid and settled day-ahead must be served in the Real-Time market, at prices determined by system conditions each hour.
The NYISO is controlled by four (4) major agreements by
and among the electric industry stakeholders in
1. The NYISO Agreement establishes the NYISO and sets forth its rights, authority and obligations.
2. The
3. The NYSRC/NYISO Agreement establishes that NYISO will perform its duties of Operational Control of the New York electric system in compliance with Reliability Rules and procedures established by the NYSRC and that NYSRC will monitor NYISO’s performance in this regard.
4. The NYISO /Transmission Owners (TO) Agreement sets forth that, while the TO have financial and technical rights and obligations regarding ownership and safe, reliable operation of the electric transmission system, the NYISO has been delegated authority to implement many of these rights and obligations.
A foundation concept to deregulation is opportunity for
power market participants to buy transmission services. This “open access” right was established by
FERC in its 1996 Orders 888/889 which required each TO to offer non-discriminatory service over transmission facilities. Each TO
is required to maintain an “Open Access Transmission Tariff” (OATT), which sets
forth the rules, procedures and charges for use of the transmission system. In
The NYISO Market Administration and Control Area Services Tariff provides for the functions (“market services”) required of the NYISO regarding administration of the sale and purchase of energy, capacity, ancillary services and demand reduction. This Tariff also governs NYISO’s provision of services to ensure the reliable operation of the New York State (NYS) Power System (“control area services”). This FERC- authorized Tariff establishes rules and procedures for two wholesale markets, the Day-Ahead Market and the Real-Time Market. The Day-Ahead market allows market participants to forecast load (if they are a Load Serving Entity or LSE), or determine available generation (if a generator) and inform the NYISO of their interest to buy or sell power. The market participant submits bids to the NYISO to inform it of the amount and price at which they will buy or sell. The purpose of the Day-Ahead market is to allow NYISO to plan ahead for adequate generation for the coming day to serve the load in New York and to allow market participants to lock in a purchase or sale price based upon the NYISO calculated Locational Based Marginal Price (“LBMP” or “market price”) for each of the 24 hours for the coming dispatch day.
Prior to the start of the deregulated market in 1999, the
Project scheduled its generation very precisely to match load forecasts
provided by its customers. While some
transfers of electrical energy from other NYPA generation and bilateral purchases
from third parties could be made to serve customer needs,
The Niagara Project is rated at 2,400 MW Net Dependable Capacity under adverse flow conditions. The firm capacity of the Niagara Power Project, as determined by FERC for purposes of allocations under the Niagara Redevelopment Act, is 1,880 MW. Generating efficiency for the Lewiston Pump Generating Plant (LPGP) units ranges from 75% at minimum operating head of 60 feet to a high of nearly 90% at a head of 100 feet. The Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant has a much smaller range than LPGP with about an 87% to 93% range on the original generating equipment, depending upon volume of water flows used for generation. The majority (10 of 13) of the Robert Moses units have already been upgraded and repaired and show slightly higher efficiency with ranges from approximately 88% to 94%. The Project has high reliability with an historical forced outage rate of less than 1%, with RMNPP near 0.2% and LPGP at around 1.0%. The Project has a unit availability of nearly 90%, with 89.65% available for Robert Moses and 89.1% availability for LPGP.
The low cost hydropower from the Project is sold to municipally owned electric systems and rural electric cooperatives throughout New York State and in neighboring states under Federal requirements, to investor-owned utilities in the vicinity of the Project (Niagara Mohawk and New York State Electric & Gas) for resale to businesses and to three upstate investor-owned utilities (Niagara Mohawk, New York State Electric & Gas and Rochester Gas & Electric) for resale to their residential customers. All of the power is resold to retail consumers with no profit or markup on the commodity cost.
There is a significant level of cooperation between the
U.S. and Canada regarding Niagara River resources, with the International
Niagara River Water Diversion Treaty of 1950 (1950 Treaty) serving as one
cornerstone of the cooperation. The Treaty
mainly allocates water for scenic flows over the Falls, and provides for the
sharing of water between the
Ontario Power Generation owns and operates hydroelectric facilities on the Canadian side of the Niagara River. These plants, Sir Adam Beck # 1 & 2, with a combined electrical output of approximately 1,900 MWs, are nearly as large as the Niagara Project. Coordination and cooperation between the operators of the two large power projects provide mutually beneficial efficient ice management and water diversion procedures.
The New York Power Authority (NYPA) is engaged in the relicensing of the Niagara Power Project which is located in Lewiston, Niagara County, New York. The present operating license of the plant expires in August 2007. As part of its preparation for the relicensing of the Niagara Project, NYPA is developing background information related to the ecological, engineering, recreational, cultural, and socioeconomic aspects of the Project. This report considers the hydropower resource capability and utilization of the Niagara Power Project (“NPP” or “the Project”) as well as the electric power products it generates. The purpose of the study is to specifically describe the influence on the Project of the New York Independent System Operator and the related wholesale power market that NYISO administers. Recent broad changes in the electric power industry are also described. In addition the Report discusses the Lake Erie Niagara River Ice Boom and the Canadian hydroelectric generation which shares the Niagara River resources.
The New York Power Authority (NYPA) is a state-owned power company that builds and operates electric generation and transmission throughout New York. NYPA was established as a non-profit, tax-exempt energy corporation though the New York Power Authority Act of 1931. NYPA is the largest state-owned power company in the United States. It currently operates 17 generating facilities and about 1,400 miles of transmission lines.
The 1,880-MW (firm capacity) Niagara Power Project (NPP) is one of the largest non-federal hydroelectric facilities in North America (Figure 1.1-1). The Project was licensed to the Power Authority of the State of New York (doing business as the New York Power Authority) in 1957. Construction of the Project began in 1958, and electricity was first produced in 1961. The Project has several components. Twin intakes are located approximately 2.6 miles above Niagara Falls. Water entering these intakes is routed around the Falls via two large low-head conduits to a 1.8-billion-gallon forebay, lying on an east-west axis about 4 miles downstream of the Falls. The forebay is located on the east bank of the Niagara River. At the west end of the forebay, between the forebay itself and the river, is the Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant (RMNPP), NYPA’s main generating plant at Niagara. This plant has 13 turbines that generate electricity from water delivered to the forebay. Head is approximately 300 feet. At the east end of the forebay is the Lewiston Pump Generating Plant (LPGP). Under non-peak-usage conditions (i.e., at night and on weekends), water is pumped from the forebay via the plant’s 12 pumps into the 22-billion-gallon Lewiston Reservoir, which lies east of the plant. During peak usage conditions (i.e., daytime Monday through Friday), the pumps are reversed for use as generators, and water is allowed to flow back through both plants sequentially, and producing electricity at both plants. The forebay therefore serves as headwater for the RMNPP and tailwater from the LPGP. South of the forebay is a switchyard, which serves as the electrical interface between the Project and the State’s electric grid (Figure 1.1-2).
For purposes of generating electricity from Niagara Falls, two seasons are recognized: tourist season and non-tourist season. By the 1950 Niagara River Water Diversion Treaty, flows over the Falls during tourist hours must be at least 100,000 cfs, and at other times 50,000 cfs. Tourist hours are from 8:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. from April 1 through September 15 and from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. September 16 through October 31. Canada and the United States are entitled by international treaty to produce hydroelectric power with the remainder, sharing equally.
Water level fluctuations in the Chippewa-Grass Island Pool (in the upper Niagara River) are limited by an International Joint Commission directive to 1.5 feet per day. It is important to note that water level fluctuations in both the upper and lower Niagara River may be caused by a number of factors other than operation of the NPP. These may include wind, natural flow and ice conditions, and operation of power plants on the Canadian side of the river.
Water-level fluctuations in the lower Niagara River (upstream of the RMNPP tailrace) from all causes can be as great as 12 feet per day. Most of this daily fluctuation is due to the change in the treaty-mandated control of minimum flow over Niagara Falls. Water level fluctuations downstream of the RMNPP tailrace are much less. The average daily water level fluctuation 1.4 miles downstream of the RMNPP tailrace, during the 2002 tourist season, was approximately 1.5 feet. Water flows including water level fluctuations in the Niagara River above and below the Niagara Falls are a result of the combined flows of the Sir Adam Beck Power Plant in Canada and the Project.
Operation of the NPP can result in water level fluctuations in the Lewiston Reservoir of 8-18 feet per day, and as much as 36 feet per week.
In 2002, NYPA notified the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) that it would seek a new license for the Project. The Federal Power Act requires the application be submitted by August 31, 2005, two (2) years before the existing license expires. In July 2002, FERC approved NYPA’s request to engage in an Alternative Licensing Process (“ALP”), which provides stakeholders increased opportunities to participate, particularly early in the process. During the scoping phase of the ALP process, NYPA and the stakeholders identified a number of important issues relevant to the Project relicensing, including this Issue # 7, entitled “Assess Niagara Project Hydropower Resource Capability, Utilization, and Products Including the Opportunities and Constraints.”
The objective of this Study is to develop an understanding of the relationship between the New York Independent System Operator (NYISO) and Project operations, as well as an understanding of the Project’s current efficiency, capability, and reliability.
This Report is divided into six (6) major chapters, including this introduction, and the Executive Summary.
Chapter 2 is entitled “The New York Control Area (NYCA), The New York Independent System Operator (NYISO), and the New York State Reliability Council (NYSRC)”. This chapter provides an overview of the regional operation of the bulk power electric system in New York. NYCA is described in terms of area and size, electrical consumption and facts about the electric system. The overview of the NYISO contains a description of its mission, governance, stakeholders, and controlling legal documents. The purpose and composition of the NYSRC is included as well. Main sources of information are documents, agreements and tariffs establishing and controlling these organizations, which are largely available on the entities’ public web sites.
Chapter 3 discusses “Project Operations, Output, and Products Sold in the Regional Power Markets”. It describes these items including electric power output as well as the regional power markets in which they are sold. Historical and current operations, distribution and customers are explained.
Chapter 4 is entitled “Niagara Project Capability, Efficiency, Utilization, Reliability and Potential Upgrades” and provides a description of Project facilities. It also covers the operating efficiency, reliability and utilization of the Project including a description of an upgrade of the Robert Moses plant.
Chapter 5 addresses “International Cooperation on Niagara River Resources”, and covers international treaties, organizations and agreements concerning the joint use by Canada and the U.S. of the river and structures in it relating to the production of electric power. The impact on NYPA’s Niagara Project from operation of the Canadian hydroelectric projects is described (Figure 1.3-1).
Chapter 6 considers the limited influence on the Project of electric power market changes described earlier in the Report.
[NIP – General Location Maps]
[NIP – General Location Maps]
U.S. and Canadian Power Generating Stations, Lower Niagara River
[NIP – General Location Maps]
The NYISO and the NYSRC are charged with ensuring the safe and reliable operation of the New York Control Area bulk power electric system. NYSRC sets forth rules and standards to achieve reliability and the NYISO implements these rules as part of its duties to oversee operation of the system. Both entities are approved by and operate under the authority of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
The NYCA is composed of the entire electric system within New York State. It encompasses the transmission and distribution facilities, generators and, of course, customers (load) that make up the electric utility system. The NYCA contains nearly 11,000 miles of High Voltage Transmission lines, 360+ individual electric generating units of widely varying size (from over 1,000 MW down to less than 1 MW). Total generating capacity installed in the NYCA exceeds 35,000 MW. The load (customer use) in New York is greater than 160,000,000 MWhs per year. Peak demand (the single hour of highest electric use during the year) in July 2005 was 32,075 MW. The New York electric system serves the needs of 18.2 million people state-wide. The electrical load in NYCA is larger than the load of the combined six (6) New England States and is slightly smaller but similar in size to the load of control areas operated in each of the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec.
The NYISO describes four (4) basic power system concepts which explain how the electric system works in the physical world. The four (4) concepts are:
· “Load Customers” determine Demand
· “Dispatch” determines where power is generated.
· The laws of physics determine how the power flows to the Load Customers
· Flows must be controlled
The customer use of electricity (“load” or “demand”) creates the need to generate and move the power from the generator to the customer. The NYISO determines which generators, including the Project, will operate and when they operate, with the knowledge that the design and operation of an electric system is a constant balancing act. The load continually changes because of the fluctuating needs of all the customers in the NYCA. As the load changes, the NYISO changes generation accordingly to serve that load, striving for a perfectly balanced system with load and generation exactly equal. The mix of generating units available to serve load changes due to forced outages, fuel issues, etc., and the transmission system elements can become inefficient or fail from time to time as well. The determination of generating units to run and when they run is made by the NYISO with the help of sophisticated computer software. This dispatch by NYISO is influenced by the location of the load and generators and how the electricity flows over all available power lines. If left unhindered electricity flows from the generator to the consumer over the path of least resistance. Such flows must be controlled by the NYISO to avoid problems or failures on the electric system. The NYISO operates the electric system in New York twenty-four (24) hours a day, seven (7) days a week such that electricity can flow in a controlled fashion from the generator to the consumer over the transmission lines.
The predecessor to the NYISO, the New York Power Pool (NYPP), was established in July 1966 (NYPA joined in 1967) to operate the electric system in a reliable, secure and coordinated fashion and to enhance economics of dispatching energy from generating units. In July 1999, in response to evolving industry deregulation, the parties to the NYPP agreed to create the NYISO to perform those functions and simultaneously terminated the Power Pool arrangement.
The NYISO is a not-for-profit corporation created to maintain reliable, safe, and efficient operation of the New York State Power System. Its purpose is to oversee the bulk power system. It provides open access transmission service over the State’s bulk power transmission system and facilitates the operation of a wholesale power market through which electric capacity, energy and related items can be produced, sold and ultimately delivered to consumers. The NYISO is charged with the economic dispatch of generation units, coordination of maintenance and outage schedules for generation and transmission facilities and administration of various tariffs and agreements. By agreement of the parties, it has operational control over significant portions of the NYS Power System.
The Board Of Directors (Board), subject to regulatory oversight by the FERC, is the decision-making authority for the NYISO, but it is assisted by organized committees composed of stakeholders in the New York electric power industry. The NYISO Stakeholders include all parties to the NYISO Agreement, each of which populate one of the five Sector Groups of the NYISO (Generation Owners, Other Suppliers, Transmission Owners, End Use Consumers, Public Power/Environmental Parties). Table 2.5.1-1 provides more detail on the 5 sectors and 9 sub-sectors of the NYISO Stakeholders. Any person or entity that meets requirements for participation may become a Party to the NYISO Agreement upon payment of an annual fee (which varies among organizations). All Parties to the Agreement may participate in governance of the NYISO after joining one of the five (5) sectors. The appropriate sector is determined according to the business interest of that Party.
The Management Committee (MC) is comprised of each Party to the NYISO Agreement. The responsibilities of the MC include, among others, supervision of other NYISO committees and development of procedures and positions on NYISO operations, policies, rules, and procedures for the NYISO Board. Also the MC is responsible to propose changes as necessary to various Agreements and Tariffs that govern NYISO business affairs. The MC develops an annual budget for the NYISO Board consideration and approval. Actions of the Management Committee may be appealed to the NYISO Board.
The Operating Committee (OC), like the MC, is comprised of Parties to the NYISO Agreement. The NYISO Agreement specifies responsibilities for the OC, which include establishment of rules, procedures and requirements related to the safe and reliable operation of the NY electric system, and to serve as the liaison to the NYSRC for purposes of electric system reliability.
The Business Issues Committee (BIC) likewise is comprised of Parties to the NYISO Agreement. The NYISO Agreement specifies responsibilities for the BIC, which include establishing efficient and non-discriminatory commercial and financial standards and procedures to enable NYISO operations and permit functioning of the bulk power market in New York. In addition the BIC is charged with maintaining procedures for the secure financial and monetary operation of the NYISO.
The NYISO main facility is in Schenectady, NY with other
offices and control facilities in nearby communities. The day-to-day operations of the NYISO are
managed by a President who is a voting member of the NYISO Board and is
selected by the Board.
The Mission of the NYISO is:
(1) to maintain the safety and short-term reliability of the New York State (NYS) Power System in conformance with Reliability Rules promulgated by the NYSRC so as to maintain the integrity and reliability of the interconnected NYS Power System;
(2) to maintain the internal and external operations of the NYS Power System which may have an impact on the security of the interconnected NYS Power System in accordance with the terms of the NYISO Agreement;
(3) to comply with the Commission’s NYISO principles as stated in, among others, Order Nos. 888/889;
(4) to facilitate an effective and equitable marketplace; and
(5) to administer the Open Access Transmission Tariff (OATT) and ISO Services Tariff.
New York Reliability Rules define a reliable electric system to be one that is adequate to meet the electric needs of all consumers with the ability to withstand sudden and unanticipated electrical disturbances or loss of system elements. The NYISO is the New York Control Area operator responsible for maintaining a reliable electric system and as such provides numerous Control Area Services in accordance with the standards and criteria of the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC), the Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC), the NYSRC Reliability Rules, and Good Utility Practice. These services are provided in accordance with the terms of the NYISO Market Administration and Control Area Services Tariff (ISO Services Tariff), the NYSRC Reliability Rules, the NYISO Related Agreements, and general standards of good practice in the electric industry (Good Utility Practice). The NYISO has authority to interact with Operators in Control Areas surrounding New York to ensure the effective and reliable coordination with the interconnected Control Areas. It is responsible for maintaining the safe, efficient, and continual operation of the electric system and provides the implementation of reliability standards promulgated by NERC and NPCC and for the Reliability Rules promulgated by the NYSRC.
The NYISO develops and implements reliability procedures, coordinates outage schedules for generation and transmission, and bears responsibility for committing adequate generation resources to ensure the reliability of the NYS Power System. This includes defining the long-term requirements and location of installed generating capacity requirements for New York and developing many measures for action during abnormal or emergency conditions.
The NYISO maintains and operates a control center in order to monitor and coordinate power flows in New York and with neighboring Control Areas. It maintains back up procedures and rules for operation under adverse and emergency circumstances and has communication and metering rules and procedures necessary to perform its function as the Control Area Operator.
Based upon standards established by NYSRC, the NYISO forecasts peak load on a yearly basis and determines the minimum installed generating capacity (ICAP) requirement for each Load Serving Entity (LSE). New York is divided into eleven (11) zones for purposes of planning and operating the electric system, and the NYISO determines the amount of capacity required state-wide and the amount that must be physically located within certain zones. The NYISO also determines the extent to which capacity from outside of New York can be counted to meet New York’s capacity needs. Each LSE must secure adequate capacity, in the proper locations, to meet the requirement as established by NYISO. The purpose of these capacity rules and procedures is to provide NYISO with a management and planning tool to maintain long term electric system reliability.
NYISO procures sources of power and certain ancillary services through deregulated power markets that it administers. By doing so, NYISO provides non-discriminatory open access to the New York State transmission system for all market participants, and allows meaningful involvement by market participants in the operation of NYISO.
Since the inception of the deregulated market, electrical generation in New York, including the Project, must submit bids to the NYISO on a day-ahead and hour-ahead basis for generation and ancillary services. “Generation” covers the traditional energy requirements of the loads, and “Ancillary Services” as discussed in Section 3.1.1 below, support the transmission of energy and reactive power from generation to loads. Ancillary Services help to maintain reliable operation of the New York State power system.
Also new with the advent of the deregulated power market, consumers also can bid their load in to the Day-Ahead market, and pre-buy electric service to guarantee a fixed price for electricity needed for the following day. Load not so bid and settled day-ahead must be served in the Real-Time market, at prices determined by system conditions each hour.
Further description of the Day-Ahead and Real-Time markets is provided in Section 2.6.2, below.
The NYISO is controlled by four (4) major agreements by and among the electric industry stakeholders in New York.
1. The NYISO Agreement establishes the NYISO and sets forth its rights, authority and obligations.
2. The New York State Reliability Council Agreement establishes the NYSRC and sets forth its responsibilities and authority regarding establishment and enforcement of Reliability Rules.
3. The NYSRC/NYISO Agreement establishes that NYISO will perform its duties of Operational Control of the New York electric system in compliance with Reliability Rules and procedures established by the NYSRC and that NYSRC will monitor NYISO’s performance in this regard.
4. The NYISO/Transmission Owners Agreement sets forth that, while the TOs have financial and technical rights and obligations regarding ownership and safe, reliable operation of the electric transmission system, the NYISO has been delegated authority to implement many of these rights and obligations.
The Incorporating (original) Parties (“the Parties”) to the 1999 NYISO Agreement are:
1. Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corporation (Central Hudson”)
2. Consolidated Edison Company Of New York, Inc. (“Con Edison”)
3. New York State Electric & Gas Corporation (“NYSEG”)
4. Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation (“NMPC”)
5. Orange And Rockland Utilities, Inc. (“O&R”)
6. Rochester Gas And Electric Corporation (“RG&E”)
7. Power Authority of The State of New York (“NYPA”)
8. Long Island Power Authority (“LIPA”)
The Agreement sets forth the Mission of the NYISO as well as its responsibilities, obligations and authority as described in Section 2.4 above.
The NYISO is required to allow, on a non-discriminatory basis, involvement of the Parties in oversight of the NYS Transmission System and to provide for Open Access service on the NYS Transmission system. It accomplishes this by operating an OASIS (Open Access Same Time Information System) for purposes of allowing participants in the Wholesale Market to purchase and sell transmission services required for the operation of that Market. The Parties did not intend for the creation of the NYISO to inhibit or prevent in any way the establishment of competitive retail electric markets.
Any person or entity that meets requirements for participation may become a Party to the NYISO Agreement upon payment of a $5,000 annual fee (certain organizations representing consumer or environmental interests are only required to pay $100 annually). All Parties to the Agreement may participate in governance of the NYISO after joining one of five (5) sectors as described in Table 2.5.1-1.
An entity with a significant interest in a sector which does not qualify for membership in that sector may become a non-voting member of NYISO Committees and have rights of participation up to but not including the right to vote on matters brought before the Committees. A non-voting member may not serve as Chair or vice-chair of a committee or sub-committee.
The NYISO Agreement can be terminated by unanimous agreement of the Parties any time after the 5th anniversary of its effective date of December 1, 1999. Any Party may individually withdraw from the NYISO Agreement upon 90 days written notice to the NYISO Board of Directors. Business in progress at the time of termination of the Agreement or withdrawal of an individual Participant shall be concluded in an orderly manner in accordance with NYISO rules and contractual requirements.
The NYISO is governed by a 10 person Board of Directors, with the day-to-day operations of the NYISO managed by a President who is a voting member of the Board and is chosen by the Board. A Chairperson, who cannot be the President of the NYISO, is elected for a one-year term by the other 9 Board members and can be re-elected. These Board members cannot be affiliated with any entities that are Market Participants in the NY Wholesale Market, however at least 3 must have prior relevant experience in the electric industry. The NYISO Board is self-perpetuating, with remaining Directors filling vacancies from a slate of candidates provided by the Management Committee (MC).
Section 2.3 above describes the NYISO Committee structure that includes the Management Committee, the Operating Committee (OC), and the Business Issues (BIC) Committee. Subcommittees are established as necessary to work on specific issues.
The NYISO Board must review and decide on appeals from actions of the MC or other NYISO Committees, and may suspend a Committee action pending appeals. The NYISO Board sets annual budgets and is responsible for the financial affairs of the NYISO, and appoints an independent auditor to assist in these duties. The Board has ultimate responsibility for the operation of the NYISO and for implementation of its basic responsibilities including:
· Safe, reliable, and efficient operation of the NYS Power System;
· Provision of Transmission Service to all Transmission Customers on a non-discriminatory basis in accordance with the NYISO OATT;
· Provision of Market Services and Control Area Services under the NYISO Services Tariff, including the administration of the Day-Ahead unit commitment and real-time dispatch;
· Administration of centrally coordinated markets for Energy, Capacity and Ancillary Services; and
· Administration of Installed Capacity requirements for Load Serving Entities (LSEs)
The NYISO is the New York Control Area Operator and has responsibilities to interact with other Control Areas Operators for administration of markets and services. NERC defines a control area as “an electric system or systems, bounded by interconnection metering and telemetry, capable of controlling generation to maintain its interchange schedule with other Control Areas and contributing to frequency regulation of the Interconnection.” A Control Area Operator is an entity with an electric system control center whose responsibility it is to monitor and control that electric system in real time.
The NYISO includes a Market Monitoring Unit that is in charge of ensuring fair access to the appropriate segment of the bulk electric power market for all Market Participants. Fair access ensures that the outcome of the offers for generation and bids for load approaches that of a competitive market. Fair access also ensures the price, supply, and demand signals from all Market Participants are clear and timely, such that they can make informed decisions based upon those signals. The NYISO website contains a link to its Market Monitoring section. ( www.nyiso.com )
The NYISO is charged with the duty to provide the same opportunity to all Participants for the purchase and sale of Wholesale Market Products on a comparable and non-discriminatory basis and has the responsibility to establish and file with FERC operating and other procedures as necessary to provide Transmission, Market and Control Area Services. It also must maintain reliable and efficient operation of the NYS Power System, including implementation of emergency procedures, in accordance with Agreements with the NYSRC and Transmission Owners. Transmission customers must sign a Service Agreement under the NYISO OATT and agree to adhere to NYISO policies and procedures. NYISO must create and administer operating, billing and financial settlement procedures for Market Participants necessary to carry out its responsibilities including creating and enforcing creditworthiness standards and conducting performance audits of Market Participants. The NYISO shall establish procedures to appoint members, other than those representing the Transmission Owners, to the Executive Committee of the NYSRC. NYISO has broad responsibilities to approve or deny scheduling outages of generating and transmission facilities in the NY Power Market. It also oversees generation dispatch, which is required for reliability of the electric system.
The Parties, with authorization from FERC, created the NYSRC at the same time they established the NYISO. The NYSRC‘s mission is to establish and maintain Reliability Rules, protocols, and standards that the NYISO uses to perform its mission of reliable and secure operation of the NYS Power System.
The NYSRC is governed by an Executive Committee with a mission to
promote and preserve the reliability of electric service on the NYS Power
System. It accomplishes this by developing, maintaining and, from time-to-time,
updating the Reliability Rules which must be complied with by the NYISO and all
entities engaging in electric power business in New York. The NYSRC's mission also includes monitoring
the NYISO’s compliance with the Reliability Rules.
The NYSRC received necessary authorizations, regulatory approvals
and rulings to give effect to this Agreement from FERC and the New York State
Public Service Commission (PSC).
The NYSRC is responsible for development and on-going maintenance
of a body of procedures and criteria to assure compliance with the Reliability
Rules. Standards and regulations from
the electric industry and government agencies, as well as Local Reliability
Rules enacted by a Transmission Owner for necessary system protection, are
incorporated and applied to the entire State-wide electric system or to a
particular sub-region as necessary. Stakeholders
may seek specific and limited exceptions to the criteria, provided the intent
of the criteria is not compromised.
The NYSRC establishes the statewide annual Installed Capacity
requirements for New York State, giving consideration to the configuration of
the system, generation outage rates, assistance from neighboring systems and
Local Reliability Rules.
The NYSRC and the NYISO are parties to an agreement (the
“ISO/NYSRC Agreement”) to ensure that the NYISO will implement and comply with
the Reliability Rules. The NYSRC must
monitor and audit the NYISO's compliance with the Reliability Rules and has
authority to correct NYISO noncompliance with the reliability rules, including
but not limited to dispute resolution procedures.
The NYSRC represents New York State at the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) and The Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC) , and reviews and comments on all state-wide documents prepared by the NYISO that are filed with the NPCC and NERC. NERC is a not-for-profit corporation whose members are ten Regional Reliability Councils. The members of these councils come from all segments of the electric industry: investor-owned utilities; federal power agencies; rural electric cooperatives; state, municipal and provincial utilities; independent power producers; power marketers; and end-use customers. These entities account for virtually all the electricity supplied and used in the United States, Canada and a portion of Baja California Norte, Mexico. NERC's mission is to ensure that the bulk electric system in North America is reliable, adequate and secure. (New York is in the Northeast Power Coordinating Council, one of the ten NERC Councils.)
The NYSRC Executive Committee has thirteen (13) members, eight (8) from Transmission Owner members; three (3) from electric industry participants (one (1) each from Wholesale Power marketers, Large Commercial or Industrial consumers, and publicly owned electric systems); and two (2) members that are not affiliated with any Market Participant. The NYISO Board may designate a member of its staff to participate in meetings of the Executive Committee on a non-voting basis, and non-voting representatives of the Commission and the PSC may attend meetings. Each Member of the Executive Committee shall have substantial knowledge and/or experience in the reliable operation of bulk power electric systems, and shall serve two (2) year terms, with no limitation on the number of terms that can be served. The Agreement prescribes methods to fill vacancies such that the nature of the Board is maintained. The Executive Committee meets at least quarterly with nine (9) members constituting a quorum, and nine (9) votes needed to pass a measure. The Executive Committee, which is organized with a chair, vice-chair and secretary, can employ staff, borrow employees from member organizations for specific tasks and create sub-committees to accomplish its duties.
All Reliability Rules, including Local Reliability Rules, are
published, updated, and maintained in a Reliability Rules manual. Copies of
this manual are available to: the NYSRC Members, the FERC, the PSC, the NYISO, all NYISO customers, and any
Market Participant that requests a copy.
Each Party to this Agreement assents to maintain and operate its
portion of the NYS Power System, and conduct all agreements with
non-participants, in accordance with the Reliability Rules established by the
NYSRC. Ninety (90) days written notice
is required to withdraw as a Party to the NYSRC and a withdrawing party must
continue to pay its share of NYSRC administrative costs for one (1) year.
NYSRC has a code of conduct with established protocols to ensure that Members shall not favor their own commercial interests in carrying out their NYSRC responsibilities; that a NYSRC Executive Committee representative cannot serve on the NYISO Board or on any NYISO Committee; and that confidential information will remain secure. The NYSRC Agreement contains both a force majeure and limitation of liability clause.
The Agreement Between The New York Independent System Operator And The New York State Reliability Council was enacted December 1, 1999. The purpose of this Agreement is to establish that each entity, existing by Agreement in its own right, will cooperate and comply with responsibilities, authority, rules and procedures created on behalf of each organization.
This Agreement states that while the NYISO shall exercise Operational Control over certain facilities in the NYS Power System and maintain the safety, efficiency, and short-term reliability of that System, the NYSRC’s principal mission is to establish Reliability Rules for use by the NYISO in these duties. The NYSRC shall have the authority to audit the NYISO's implementation of the Reliability Rules and to assess the NYISO's compliance with the Reliability Rules and this Agreement.
This Agreement describes the duties of the NYISO. It states that the NYISO shall comply with
all Reliability Rules, including the Local Reliability Rules, and maintain the
safety and short-term reliability of the NYS Power System. It will administer the NYISO OATT (Open
Access Transmission Tariff) and the NYISO Services Tariff in accordance with
appropriate rules and Agreements. While
the NYISO cannot have a financial interest in any commercial transaction, it
does require that LSEs (Load Serving Entities) within the NYCA maintain
appropriate levels of Installed Capacity and must ensure that sufficient
Operating Capacity is available to assure the reliable operation of the NYS
Power System. The NYISO provides the
NYSRC with information and performs studies as requested. It also prepares annual reports to the NYSRC
describing the performance of the NYS Power System and the NYISO’s compliance
with the Reliability Rules.
The duties of the NYSRC include development of the
Reliability Rules previously discussed and monitoring and assessment of the
NYISO’s compliance with the Reliability Rules.
Its staff represents New York State at meetings of the NPCC and NERC
organizations. It makes rules to ensure
that sufficient Operating Capacity is always available, and it determines the
state-wide annual Installed Capacity requirement for the New York Control Area.
The Agreement contains a Dispute Resolution clause which allows for NYSRC and NYISO to discuss disagreements regarding rules and procedures, etc, to attempt to work out differences, exchange written positions regarding a disagreement, and finally submit the issue to the regulatory body having authority over the specific issue in dispute (FERC or the PSC). If submitted to the PSC, the PSC will act as an arbitrator to resolve the issue. The Agreement also contains clauses for Limitation of Liability for the NYSRC, Force Majeure, and Indemnification.
The Agreement Between New York Independent System Operator And Transmission Owners (TO) was established in 1999. The TO are: Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corporation, Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc., New York State Electric & Gas Corporation, Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation, Orange and Rockland Utilities, Inc., Rochester Gas and Electric Corporation (referred to collectively as the “Investor-Owned Transmission Owners”), NYPA, and LIPA (Long Island Power Authority.
The TO have for many years built, owned, operated and charged customers for the use of the electric transmission system in New York State. This Agreement describes the responsibilities of the Transmission Owners and the NYISO regarding ownership, maintenance, and physical operation of the transmission system including compliance by the Transmission Owners with legal, technical and financial obligations.
The responsibilities of the Transmission
Owners are delineated in this Agreement:
· Own transmission facilities over which the NYISO has Operational Control and provide notification to the NYISO with respect to actions related to other specified transmission facilities. A current version of each list is posted on the NYISO’s OASIS.
· Operate and maintain transmission facilities in accordance with all Reliability Rules, other applicable operating instructions and NYISO procedures, including rules and procedures during an emergency.
· Perform certain functions during an emergency that otherwise are reserved for the NYISO.
· Take action as necessary to maintain safe operations.
· Maintain a continuously staffed Control Center that allows NYISO to perform its Operational Control over the facilities, and provides backup control services in the event of NYISO systems malfunction.
· Promptly investigate outages and other adverse events and report their findings.
The responsibilities and obligations of
the NYISO are also delineated in this Agreement:
· Direct the operation of, and coordinate the maintenance scheduling of, certain facilities of the NYS Power System, including coordination with control centers maintained by the Transmission Owners.
· Perform balancing of generation and load while ensuring the safe, reliable and efficient operation of the NYS Power System.
· Administer various Agreements and Tariffs, including
o The NYISO OATT (Open Access Transmission Tariff) ,
o The NYISO Services Tariff
o The NYISO Agreement.
· Implement all Reliability Rules
· Ensure that Market Participants maintain a sufficient level of Installed Capacity and Operating Capacity.
· Maintain a FERC-accepted transmission tariff which provides for full recovery of various costs incurred by the Transmission Owners.
· Must not hinder pre-existing transmission arrangements entered into by the TO’s.
· Have no financial interest in any commercial transaction involving the use of the NYS Power System or any other electrical system.
· Perform billing and collection functions for transmission services
· Distribute collected revenues to the Transmission Owners in a timely manner
· Enforce compliance with its creditworthiness and collection standards
· Maintain the OASIS (Open Access Same-Time Information System) for the New York Control Area.
This Agreement sets forth methods by which the NYISO OATT, the NYISO Services Tariff and the NYISO Agreement may be modified or amended, which requires agreement by the NYISO Management Committee and the NYISO Board with authorization from FERC (absent agreement from the NYISO Management Committee, the NYISO Board may petition FERC to authorize changes under necessary or urgent circumstances).
TO that are signatories to this Agreement nevertheless retain broad rights and obligations under statutory and regulatory rulings regarding the ownership and business function of their electric system facilities. This Agreement contains special provisions regarding facilities owned by LIPA, especially regarding the inter-tie with Connecticut.
The NYISO cannot assign rights and obligations under this Agreement, but Transmission Owners can for reasons including (but not limited to) restructuring approved by the PSC, a merger or other change in the organizational structure provided that the surviving entity(ies) agree, in writing, to be bound by the terms of this Agreement.
This Agreement has a “ Limitation Of Liability And Indemnification”, as well as a Force Majeure provision that sets limits on a Party’s responsibility. Any TO may withdraw from the Agreement upon ninety (90) days written notice and with certain conditions and enduring obligations imposed. The Agreement may be terminated by unanimous vote of the TO’s.
The NYISO Open Access Transmission Tariff is also known as the New York Independent System Operator, Inc. FERC Electric Tariff Original Volume No.1.
Deregulation of the electric power industry commenced in the mid 1990’s and continues to the present day. A foundation concept to deregulation is opportunity for power market participants to have access to electric transmission services from the owners/operators of the transmission system. This “open access” right was established by FERC in its 1996 Orders 888/889 which required each Transmission Owner to offer non-discriminatory transmission services. Each TO is required to maintain an “Open Access Transmission Tariff” (OATT), which sets forth the rules, procedures and charges for use of the transmission system. In New York, much of the bulk power system transmission access is obtained through the NYISO OATT, which offers access to most of the State’s electric system. Eligible customers can obtain transmission service on-line via the OASIS, an internet-based electronic bulletin board and market place for those wishing to purchase transmission service. Customers can search out availability and price of specific transmission services that they require for their market transactions and can acquire them via the OASIS on- line. (Entities must apply and be pre-approved by NYISO to become a customer, after meeting certain obligations including good credit status).
The OATT offers several types of transmission service, including Firm Point to Point Service, Non-Firm Point to Point Service, Network Integration Service and Special Provisions for Retail Access.
Point-To-Point Transmission Service is for the receipt of
Capacity and Energy at designated Point(s) of Receipt and the transmission of
such Capacity and Energy to designated Point(s) of Delivery. Firm Point-To-Point Transmission Service is
service for which the Transmission Customer has agreed to pay the transmission
congestion charges associated with its service.
Non-Firm Point-To-Point Transmission Service is service for which the
Transmission Customer has not agreed to pay congestion charges.
Network Integration Transmission Service allows customers to use the entire New York power system to serve their load located in the NYCA.
Retail Access transmission service is available under the OATT to those retail customers that choose to buy electric energy and related products from suppliers under open competition rules allowed by the PSC or other authority.
If sufficient transmission capacity is not available to meet the request of a customer, the NYISO will prepare a study if requested to do so, at the customer’s expense, to determine how to create sufficient capacity to meet the requested need and how much it will cost as well as who will pay for and build the transmission system upgrade.
Ancillary Services are needed with Transmission Service to maintain reliability of the electric system. The OATT requires the NYISO to provide for, and the Transmission Customer to purchase, the following Ancillary Services: (i) Scheduling, System Control and Dispatch, (ii) Reactive Supply and Voltage Control from Generation Sources, (iii) Energy Imbalance, (iv) Black Start Service, (v) Operating Reserve and (vi) Regulation and Frequency Control.
The OATT also requires the NYISO to offer the following Ancillary Services only to the Transmission Customers serving Load within the NYCA: (i) Regulation and Frequency Response, and (ii) Operating Reserves. The Transmission Customers are not required to buy these services from the NYISO, but, if they are not purchased elsewhere, the NYISO is the default supplier.
The NYISO is required under
this OATT to operate and maintain an OASIS.
The terms and conditions regarding OASIS and Standards of Conduct are
set forth in Part 37 of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s regulations
(“Open Access Same-Time Information System and Standards of Conduct for Public
Utilities”). The NYISO is required to
maintain an OASIS, including a Bid/Post System, for purposes of scheduling
Transmission Service. Customers use the on-line system to identify available
transmission capability and acquire it for their power marketing and load
service purposes. The Standards of
Conduct separate providers of Transmission service from affiliated power
marketers to avoid the internal sharing of market sensitive information prior
to it becoming general knowledge in the marketplace.
The OATT includes certain protections for NYPA in that it specifically exempts NYPA (or NYISO on NYPA’s behalf) from providing transmission service if to do so would result in loss of the tax-exempt status of any government bonds or impair NYPA’s ability to issue future tax-exempt obligations.
The OATT has a reciprocity clause that requires a Transmission
Customer taking Transmission Service under this Tariff to agree to provide
itself or through corporate affiliates comparable Transmission Service to the
supplier. The OATT contains billing,
collections, and payments clauses as well as force majeure, indemnity, and
dispute resolution sections. It also
contains requirements for customers to meet and maintain certain requirements
in regard to creditworthiness to remain eligible to purchase services under
this Tariff.
The New York Independent System Operator Market
Administration and Control Area Services Tariff
is also known as the NYISO FERC Electric Tariff Original Volume No. 2 or
the NYISO Market Services Tariff; and also the NYISO Services Tariff (or “Tariff”). Deregulation has given rise to new methods
for the operation, administration and accounting of generation, sale and delivery
of electric power in New York. The
NYISO Market Administration and Control Area Services Tariff provides for the
functions (“market services”) required of the NYISO regarding administration of
the sale and purchase of energy, capacity, ancillary services and demand
reduction (reducing load). This
Tariff also governs NYISO’s provision of services related to ensuring the
reliable operation of the NYS Power System (“control area services”).
The Tariff specifies that the NYISO shall be the sole point of
application for all market services provided in the NYCA. Each market participant that sells or
purchases energy, including demand side resources, sells or purchases capacity,
or provides ancillary services in the NYISO administered markets utilizes
market services and must take service as a customer under the Tariff.
The Tariff establishes rules and procedures for two wholesale markets, the Day-Ahead Market and the Real-Time Market. The Day-Ahead market allows market participants to forecast load (if they are an LSE), or determine available generation (if a generator) and inform the NYISO of their interest to buy or sell power. The market participant submits bids to the NYISO to inform of the amount and price at which they will buy or sell. The purpose of the Day-Ahead market is to allow NYISO to plan ahead for adequate generation for the coming day to serve the load in New York. It also allows any market participant that wants to do so to lock in a purchase or sale price. The NYISO calculates the Locational Based Marginal Price (“LBMP” or “market price”) for each of the 24 hours for the coming dispatch day. The dispatch day is that day in which the actual electrical use occurs and generation to serve it operates. The LBMP paid to generators and paid by LSE’s may vary depending upon their location. New York State is divided into eleven (11) zones, and the NYISO determines the proper LBMP for each location (zone). The LBMP is the cost to provide generation to serve the next MW of load, at a specific location on the electric system in New York. Price differences between different locations are caused by, among other things, congestion or limitations on the transmission system. Congestion can block lower cost power from a distant generator reaching a load in a specific location, and subsequently more expensive generation, that is not blocked from the load by congestion, might have to operate to serve the load.
During the dispatch day, NYISO monitors the market each hour to determine if sufficient generation is available to meet load for the coming 3 hours. Also, NYISO manages the Real-Time market and performs a load and generation forecast to determine on a five (5) minute interval basis the real time LBMP. Generating units that are in operation, and certain meters that measure load are checked in five (5) minute intervals, and each generator that is dispatched is given instructions regarding the amount of output to produce. NYISO also calculates needed reserve generation and other products from generators needed to operate the Control Area (such as regulation and frequency response), discussed below in the section on Control Area Services.
The NYISO created and administers production, billing, accounting and financial settlement procedures for market participants necessary to carry out its responsibilities including creating and enforcing creditworthiness standards and conducting performance audits of Market Participants.
The NYISO is the New York Control Area operator and provides all
necessary Control Area Services in the NYCA to maintain the safe, efficient,
and continual operation of the electric system.
It provides the implementation of reliability standards and numerous
other Control Area Services in accordance with the standards and criteria of
NERC and NPCC and the NYSRC Reliability Rules and Good Utility Practice. These services include developing and
implementing procedures to maintain the reliability of the NYS Power System,
coordinating the outage schedules for generating units and transmission
facilities within NY; committing adequate generation resources to ensure the
reliability of the NYS Power System, including defining the long term
requirements and location of installed generating capacity requirements for New
York; and taking action during abnormal or emergency conditions.
The NYISO maintains and operates a control center in order to monitor and coordinate power flows in New York and with neighboring Control Areas. It maintains back up procedures and rules for operation under adverse and emergency circumstances and has communication and metering rules and procedures necessary to perform its function as the Control Area Operator.
The NYSRC was formed by agreement among the New York Transmission Owners and other interested parties. Its principal mission is to develop and monitor implementation of rules and criteria for the secure operation of the New York Bulk Power System.
The NYSRC document entitled “Reliability Rules for Planning and Operating the New York State Power System” (“Reliability Rules” or “Rules”), defines the required actions or system performance necessary for the NYISO and all Market Participants to comply with the Reliability Rules. The Rules incorporate the NERC Planning Standards and Operating Policies and the NPCC Criteria, Guidelines and Procedures. The Reliability Rules require that New York maintain sufficient surplus generation (Statewide Installed Reserve Margin Requirement) such that after due allowance for outages and deratings, the probability of disconnecting firm load due to a resource deficiency will be, on the average, no more than once in ten (10) years. The Reliability Rules define the reliability of the NYS Power System using the following two terms:
• Adequacy – The
ability of the electric systems to supply the aggregate electrical demand and
energy requirements of their customers at all times, taking into account
scheduled and reasonably expected unscheduled outages of system elements.
• Security – The
ability of the electric systems to withstand sudden disturbances such as
electric short circuits or unanticipated loss of system elements.
The NYSRC Executive Committee, described in Section 2.5.2 above, directs all NYSRC activities. Two subcommittees report to the NYSRC Executive Committee. The Reliability Rules Subcommittee develops and updates the Reliability Rules and the Reliability Compliance Monitoring Subcommittee monitors compliance with the Reliability Rules.
The NYSRC has established an open process through which comments and proposed Reliability Rule revisions from all Market Participants and the NYISO are considered.
The NYS Bulk Power System is designed with sufficient transmission capability to withstand the outage of significant generators, transmission circuits, transformers, etc. The Reliability Rules require analysis and simulation of the potential for these outages which includes assessment of thermal, voltage, and stability conditions on the System. Loss of small portions of the NYS Power System may be tolerated provided they do not jeopardize the reliability of the overall System. Extreme events that could result in a widespread NYS Bulk Power System shutdown are taken into account in planning for the System. Severe weather or simultaneous loss of multiple sections of the System are examples of extreme events. NYSRC is authorized to collect data regarding the operation of generation and transmission facilities for its simulation studies. Such computer modeling, and the data that enables it, is essential for planning and operating studies used to establish statewide requirements for electric system reliability.
The Reliability Rules establish the minimum level of operating reserves to be provided in the NYCA. Operating reserves consist of available generation, in excess of the load, which can be used to serve load in either ten (10) or thirty (30) minutes. Both of these categories of Operating Reserves are extremely important to correct failures and outages in generation or transmission facilities and are an integral part of the operation of the electric system.
The Rules set forth methods for operating the transmission system under a variety of situations. Normal and emergency operations and conditions are described with Rules to handle them. The Reliability Rules consider thermal (heat) limits on the transmission hardware (wires and transformers, etc), problems due to voltage levels, severe weather, solar magnetic storms, and other impediments to reliable electric service. With guidance from these Rules, NYSRC and NYISO assess the overall reliability of the Bulk Power System for current and planned future operation.
The NYSRC document sets forth Reliability Rules and protection systems to be used by the NYISO in the event of several types of major emergencies including transmission overload, high or low voltage, and operating reserve deficiency, among others, It also contains Control Center communications rules as well as rules for system restoration in the event NYCA experiences a partial or system-wide shutdown, including requirements for system black start capability. (The Project is one of the few generators in New York paid for black start capability.)
The NYSRC Stakeholders include primarily the NYSRC Executive Committee and staff, the NYISO and the 1999 Parties to the NYSRC Agreement ( see Section 2.5.1 and 2.5.2 above). However other stakeholders include FERC, the New York Public Service Commission, all NYISO customers, and any eligible Market Participant.
Governance of New York State Independent Operator Sectors and Voting Share
|
Sector |
Voting Share |
|
|
Generator Owners |
21.5% |
|
|
Other Suppliers |
21.5% |
|
|
Transmission Owners |
20.0% |
|
|
End Use Consumers (5 sub-sectors) |
20.0% |
|
|
Public Power (3 sub-sectors) |
17.0% |
|
|
Total |
100.0% |
|
|
Governance of the New York Independent System Operator Sub-Sectors and Voting Share |
||
|
End Use Consumers - 5 Sub-Sectors |
20.0% |
|
|
- Government Advocate and Retail Aggregators |
1.8% |
|
|
- State-Wide Advocate |
|
2.7% |
|
- Small Consumers |
|
4.5% |
|
- Large Consumers - Industrial |
|
9.0% |
|
- Large Consumers - Government |
|
2.0% |
|
|
|
|
|
Public Power - 3 Sub-Sectors |
17.0% |
|
|
- Power Authorities |
|
8.0% |
|
- Municipal and Co-op Electric Systems |
|
7.0% |
|
- Environment |
|
2.0% |
The New York Power Pool (“NYPP” or “the Pool” ) was established in the mid-1960’s and until 1999 functioned as the Control Area operator and performed many planning duties for the Bulk Power System in New York. NYPA became a participant in the NYPP in 1967. The Pool performed scheduling and dispatch functions in the Control Area and managed a “share of the savings” arrangement where the electric utilities worked together to improve efficiency, reduce costs and operate the electric system in an integrated manner. NYPA obtained forecasts of customer load and scheduled Project generation to match. The NYPP managed any variations between actual generation and customer load.
The first and primary duty of NYPP was to reliably operate the electric system to maintain its security and integrity. Part of the NYPP operational duties included a balancing function that would identify and correct for too much or too little generation scheduled in any areas of New York. Utilities scheduled their generation to meet both their load and any bilateral power sales they may have entered into with another utility. NYPP also had oversight for maintaining Ancillary Services for reliable system operation. As a part of its function of overseeing the electric operations of the entire NYCA, NYPP would implement its own reliability rules to maintain adequate operating reserve, voltage support and frequency control. The Pool also provided scheduling, system control and dispatch services which are necessary for a Control Area to function. Both the cost and performance of these Services were bundled in to the output of the New York generating units and were not treated as separate products for purchase and sale. Likewise there were no separate billings or payments for individual services. The total cost of operating the system was paid by consumers in their bundled electric bills.
The second purpose of the NYPP was to provide an increased economic efficiency in the dispatch of generation to serve the New York load. The Pool provided the actual dispatch orders that determined if and when a generating unit would operate and the level of output each unit would be required to produce. The advantage of central dispatch was that NYPP, unlike any single participant utility, was provided an overview of the entire NYCA system including forecasted load, availability and cost of generation, and transmission conditions. The Pool dispatch of the entire system was more efficient than the individual utilities performing their own separate dispatch, and this efficiency resulted in significant savings that were shared among the utilities. Savings were created when the Pool reduced output from a generating unit with relatively more expensive fuel and called upon a unit with less expensive fuel to operate, even if the cheaper plant was owned by another utility. The NYPP kept track of such operations and provided monthly billing statements incorporating hour-by-hour settlement of all such transactions, by generating unit, for the utilities regarding purchases and sales of energy.
Prior to the institution of the NYISO markets in 1999, each NYPP Participant was responsible for forecasting its customer loads and bilateral power sales to other utilities. In addition, each utility was responsible for scheduling its own generation to meet that load and notifying NYPP of such forecasts, sales and schedules. NYPP assessed the load and generation resources and made decisions regarding commitment to operate generation. Operating curves and other pertinent data were made available from each generating unit to assist the NYPP with this dispatch task.
The Niagara Project was scheduled and operated to efficiently and reliably meet its customers’ electric power needs, in the context of the NYPP structure. The Project was always scheduled to meet the customer load, a forecast of which was provided to the NYPA Control Center near Utica. If, for example, the combined forecast of all customers load during an off-peak period was 1,200 MW, the Project would be scheduled to produce that same amount of power. Likewise if the sum of all customer forecasts of load was 2,200 MW during an on-peak period, the Project was scheduled to produce at that level. Unlike more recent times with the advent of the competitive power market (as described in Section 3.2), prior to 1999 the Niagara Project (with some back up from other NYPA generation as described below) was responsible for producing on an hour by hour basis the electric power its customers had contracted to buy with any hourly excess available for opportunity sales in the economy market.
Hourly forecasts of load, and resulting schedule for generation to meet that load, were produced and agreed on with the utilities in whose territories the customers were located. These schedules were routinely shared with the NYPP. The Project was scheduled daily to meet the hour-by-hour load for the following day. NYPA developed and implemented an internal mechanism to resolve any shortfall it might have between obligation to sell power to customers and output of the Project. In fact, this internal energy transfer protocol affected not only Niagara but all of the NYPA generation facilities around the State. If short at one generating plant, NYPA would perform internal energy transfers from its other units that had energy available but was not needed at that time for sales to customers. NYPA established and maintained an internal accounting and settlement procedure to account for the source and sale of electrical output from its generating units. In addition to inter-project transfers, NYPA supplemented its power supplies through bilateral purchases from other utilities. These purchases typically varied in size and duration as then current needs dictated.
Sales from the Niagara Project continue to reach
Preference customers (Municipal and rural cooperative customers within New York
and in seven neighboring states), Replacement and Expansion Power customers
(sold to Niagara Mohawk and NYSEG) and
residential customers (also sold to Niagara Mohawk, NYSEG and Rochester Gas and Electric) (Table 3.1.3-1).
Table
3.1.3-2 shows the Firm Allocation of the Project power.
Prior to the creation of the NYISO market as described in Section 3.1.2, the Project (or NYPA through inter-project transfer and/or bilateral purchases) had to provide the full quantity of energy to meet its customer’s load on an hour-by-hour basis. Project generation was precisely scheduled to match load forecasts.
When the Project generation schedule did not match its customer load precisely, the Pool helped to optimize and balance generation and load within each local utility system. During actual production of surplus, the NYPP would treat the over production as a “control error” and reduce output from the most expensive unit operating on the NYCA system to correct for it. The Project output was usually not backed down because hydroelectric power was low cost as compared to other sources.
In 1999, the NYISO was created to administer the New York electric power system and markets as part of a process that led to the restructuring and partial deregulation of the electric power industry in New York. The advent of new methods of managing the markets along with the new market administrator altered the operations and output of the Project. The familiar practice of forecasting load continues as in the pre-NYISO time period, but the Project generation is no longer linked directly solely to the loads of Project customers. Currently, the Project is required to submit competitive bids to the NYISO along with the rest of the New York generation. NYISO dispatches generation, including the Project, based upon these market bids not (as was done in the past) upon the forecasted schedules of NYPA customer load. While the Project still produces energy, capacity and ancillary services, the selection process is different and the timing and quantities of Project generation can be quite different from what would have been the case in the NYPP environment.
The Project is an integral part of the Bulk Power System that the NYISO controls and operates, and the NYISO administers dispatch of all Power Authority hydroelectric facilities, including the Project. NYPA complies with the NYISO administered market rules for selection and operation of generation. Based upon its forecasts of river flows, NYPA submits energy price bids into the NYISO Day-Ahead and Real-Time Markets, making the Project generation available to serve New York load. In doing so it qualifies for Day-Ahead and Real-Time settlement and is eligible for capacity (ICAP) payments from the market. See Table 3.2.1-1 for data on revenues from capacity sales to the NYISO market and other parties. The Project is bid into the market in a manner designed to use available river water and storage water in the Lewiston Reservoir as efficiently as possible so as to maximize the benefits to NYPA’s customers and statewide consumers generally, all in a manner consistent with NYPA’s statutory mission and prudent operating practices.
The Lewiston Pump Generating Plant (LPGP) has a weekly cycle for pumped storage. Typically, NYPA begins a week with a full reservoir on Monday morning and by generating throughout the week draws down water to low levels by Friday evening. The reservoir is re-filled over the weekend, making it ready for the next weekly cycle. NYPA manages the drawdown schedule through the NYISO market bid process, with fine-tuning in the Real-Time market. Re-bids in real time can be lowered should river flows surpass forecasts, thus making more power available than anticipated. NYPA can lower its bid price for real time operation to increase likelihood that NYISO will select it to operate.
The Ancillary Services produced by the Project are sold into the market administered by the NYISO, and NYPA is paid for them through market settlement. The Project produces all of the Ancillary Services that can be sold in the NYISO market, including Operating Reserves, Voltage Support, Regulation and Frequency Response and Black Start. Voltage Support and Black Start are sold at cost-based rates under the NYISO tariff, while the other services are bid into the market. Table 3.2.1-1 provides data on sales of Ancillary Services to the NYISO and associated revenues to the Power Authority.
NYPA provides the NYISO with schedules for bilateral sales and payment from the market settlement excludes energy deliveries associated with these bilateral sales. Customers pay NYPA directly in the case of bilateral sales which, in the case of the Project, represents most of the output. In the past, Niagara was run every hour of every day to match customer load, all of which was scheduled ahead of time. Now, NYISO controls the dispatch and if the market price (LBMP) is cheaper than the Niagara bid the Project will not be called upon to generate. In this case NYPA buys energy from the market to serve its customers load and in some cases additional purchases may even be made to pump water into the LPGP reservoir. Should the Project’s obligation for bilateral sales exceed the KWh output in one or more hours of a month, NYPA purchases energy from the market to serve that load and pays for it through the monthly settlement process at the LBMP for the New York West Zone (the zone in which the Project is located). Should bilateral sales be less than Project output in one or more hours of a month, the excess energy is sold to the market at the LBMP for the West Zone. With the advent of the NYISO, NYPA no longer maintains an internal energy transfer protocol among its various generators. The bilateral sales schedules do not affect the NYPA bidding strategy nor the NYISO selection strategy in its dispatch of generation as this selection is performed to meet the needs of the electric system as a whole, not individual customer needs. Table 3.2.1-1 contains data regarding these purchases from, and sales to, the NYISO market.
The commencement of the NYISO power markets did not alter NYPA’s contractual obligations to sell power to certain customers. It did, as discussed above, alter the physical dispatch of NYPA’s generation. NYPA’s contractual obligations are still scheduled on a weekly and daily basis based upon forecasts of their load. The energy to meet that load comes either from the Project generation, the NYISO market, or both.
Supplying energy to meet forecasted customer needs is still NYPA’s responsibility, and NYPA continues to bill and collect payment from its customers. When the Project produces power it is credited to the customer accounts in the NYISO settlement process. The settlement supplies KWh production of the Project netted against scheduled bilateral sales to the Customers. The settlement informs NYPA of the volume of energy supplied each customer from both the Project generation and purchases from the market. In addition, settlement provides information on sales of energy from the Project to the NYISO market, and the net dollar transfer for NYPA’s purchase from and sale to the NYISO market.
Ancillary Services are provided through the NYISO market mechanism and billed to customers through the LSE’s. At the present time the Market Rules do not allow the self-supply of Ancillary Services, so these services are purchased and resold exclusively through the NYISO administered market. The total cost of all Ancillary Services in the NYCA is calculated by NYISO and billed out on a load proportion basis.
Allocation of Niagara Power by Category
This table summarizes the federal and state statutes governing the allocation of Niagara Power. The abbreviation MW indicates megawatts.
Allocation of Firm Niagara Power
|
Item |
Preference Power |
Replacement Power |
Expansion Power |
Private Utilities |
Firm Power Sales |
|
|
New York State |
Other States |
|||||
|
MW |
752 |
188 |
445 |
250 |
301 |
1,936 |
|
Share of Total |
39% |
10% |
23% |
13% |
16% |
100% |
This table details the allocation of Niagara Power. The total allocation represents firm power sales, as determined by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Firm power output is allocated in accordance with the Niagara Redevelopment Act and applicable State law. Actual plant output fluctuates due to factors such as seasonal variations in available water. (Percentages rounded.)
Niagara Project Transactions with
the NYISO Market
(Energy, Capacity, and Ancillary Services)
|
|
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
|||
|
|
$ |
Mwh |
$ |
Mwh |
$ |
Mwh |
|
Energy Sales to the NYISO |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Energy
Sales (Generator) |
$ 47,955,068 |
1,588,723,463 |
$ 81,663,493 |
1,781,144,535 |
$ 81,196,422 |
1,826,346,087 |
|
Energy
Sales (LSE) |
$ 2,396,947 |
78,144,835 |
$ 3,774,655 |
99,788,406 |
$ 10,496,568 |
228,577,546 |
|
Gen-Supp
Bid Prod. Cost Guarentee |
$
227,956 |
- |
$
3,573 |
-
|
$
24,367 |
- |
|
Total Energy Sales to NYISO |
$ 50,579,971 |
1,666,868,298 |
$ 85,441,721 |
1,880,932,941 |
$ 91,717,357 |
2,054,923,633 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Energy Purchases from NYISO |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Energy
Purchases (Generator) |
$ (173,389,084) |
(5,862,758,072) |
$ (220,672,001) |
(5,199,844,435) |
$(164,534,955) |
(4,065,507,736) |
|
Energy
Purchases (LSE) |
$ (5,093,652) |
(133,471,863) |
$ (20,741,814) |
(431,250,230) |
$ (6,567,653) |
(130,252,307) |
|
Energy
Purchases (Internal) |
$
137,638,396 |
4,273,389,000 |
$
160,678,538 |
3,374,602,000 |
$
142,137,079 |
3,138,438,000
|
|
Total Energy Purchases from
NYISO |
$ (40,844,340) |
(1,722,840,935) |
$ (80,735,277) |
(2,256,492,665) |
$ (28,965,529) |
(1,057,322,043) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ancillary Services Revenues |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Reactive
& Voltage |
$ 2,429,780 |
|
$ 2,771,060 |
|
$ 2,544,666 |
|
|
Operating
Reserve |
$ 3,989,506 |
|
$ 6,689,432 |
|
$ 4,310,011 |
|
|
Regulation
& Frequency Response |
$ 29,055,148 |
|
$ 47,725,721 |
|
$ 30,691,387 |
|
|
Black
Start |
$
64,825 |
|
$
85,716 |
|
$
64,826 |
|
|
Ancillary Services Revenues
Sum |
$ 35,539,259 |
|
$ 57,271,929 |
- |
$ 37,610,890 |
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Table 3.2.1-1 (CONT.)
Niagara Project Transactions with the NYISO Market
(Energy, Capacity, and Ancillary Services)
|
|
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
|||
|
|
$ |
MW-Months Sold |
$ |
MW-Months Sold |
$ |
MW-Months Sold |
|
Capacity Sales Revenues |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sales
to NYISO |
$ 4,081,595 |
2,393.5 |
$ - |
No MW sold |
$ 1,046,175 |
909 |
|
Sales
to Other Parties |
$
104,615 |
259.7 |
$ - |
- |
$ - |
- |
|
Total Capacity Sales
Revenue |
$ 4,186,210 |
2,653.2 |
$ - |
- |
$ 1,046,175 |
909 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
Mwh/Mw-Months |
$ |
Mwh/Mw-Months |
$ |
Mwh/Mw-Months |
|
Net Transactions with NYISO |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Energy(Mwh) |
$ 9,735,631 |
(55,972,637) |
$ 4,706,444 |
(375,559,724) |
$ 62,751,828 |
997,601,590 |
|
Ancillary
Services |
$ 35,539,259 |
|
$ 57,271,929 |
|
$ 37,610,890 |
|
|
Capacity
(mw-Months) |
$
4,186,210 |
2,653 |
$ - |
- |
$
1,046,175 |
909 |
|
Total Net Transactions with
NYISO |
$ 49,461,100 |
|
$ 61,978,373 |
|
$ 101,408,893 |
|
The Niagara Project is rated at 1,880 MW of firm output. However, it has a Net Dependable Capacity of 2,400MW, available over a four (4) hour period on week days. (Table 4.1.1-1). Robert Moses has 13 units each originally with a maximum output of 175 MW, and now has 10 of the 13 units upgraded to 200 MW maximum peak output. The remaining three units will be upgraded by 2006.
The LPGP has 12 units nominally rated at 20 MW each for a total capacity rating of 240 MW.
Generating efficiency for the LPGP units range from 75% at minimum operating head of 60 feet to a high of nearly 90% at a head of 100 feet. (67% variation in operating head) (Figure 4.1.2-1). Robert Moses has a much smaller percent variation in operating head from 274 feet to 320 feet or 17% variation. Efficiency is also much smaller range than LPGP with about an 87% to 93% range on the original equipment, depending upon volume of water flows used for generation. The majority (10 of 13) of the RM units have already been upgraded and repaired and show slightly higher efficiency (1 to 2 %) with ranges from approximately 88% to 94%. Figures 4.1.2-2, 4.1.2-3, 4.1.2-4, and 4.1.2-5 show the discharge of water at varying gross head for the Robert Moses plant. Figures 4.1.2-6 and 4.1.2-7 show the variation of output of generating units at the Robert Moses plant with varying head. Figures 4.1.2-8 and 4.1.2-9 show river flow data for the Niagara River
The low cost hydropower at the project is sold to municipally owned electric systems and rural electric cooperatives throughout New York State, to Western New York businesses, to neighboring states under federal requirements and to three upstate private utilities (Niagara Mohawk, New York State Gas & Electric and Rochester Gas & Electric) for resale to their residential customers. The power sold through municipally owned electric systems and rural cooperatives is sold on a nondiscriminatory basis to all customers served by such systems.
The Project has high reliability and as such is an asset to both the Power Authority and the NYISO. The nature of hydroelectric generation involves low temperatures and relatively slow speeds in the turbine-generator equipment, thus a high availability is anticipated. The entire Project has a historical forced outage rate of less than 1%, with RMNPP near 0.2% and LPGP at around 1.0%. Power Authority records show the Project has a unit availability of nearly 90%, with 89.65% available for Robert Moses and 89.1% availability for LPGP. The RMNPP station has had one unit out for scheduled upgrade and repair since the early 1990’s. Each unit outage for a year reduces unit availability by about 7.5%.
Beginning in the early 1980s the Power Authority undertook a series of studies to increase the capability of the project to produce electricity, especially during peak periods. Originally, a plan was developed that involved the construction of new underground powerhouses at both Robert Moses and LPGP. This plan included the addition of approximately 1.2 billion KWh to peak period production by storing water that otherwise would have been used to generate power at night when electricity demand was low. The proposed 4 unit addition to the project, which would have cost as much as one billion dollars would have allowed NYPA to replace relatively expensive oil fired generation at times of peak demand with lower cost hydro power.
Recognizing that building a new underground powerhouse would be very costly and would have major environmental effects, and knowing there had been significant improvements in turbine design, the Power Authority evaluated the feasibility of upgrading the existing generating equipment. The Authority concluded that it would be feasible to upgrade the existing units at Robert Moses, and adopted a plan to rehabilitate and upgrade the 13 units. The major effect of the current upgrade has been to increase peaking capability of the Project, and an increased discharge capability at Robert Moses from 102,000 cfs to 115,000 cfs thereby eliminating a restriction on LPGP usage during peak times. This results in increased weekday nighttime pumping at LPGP and a corresponding reduction in weekday nighttime generation at Robert Moses. There has been very little change in the weekend operation as a result of the upgrade.
The upgrade considered in the 1980’s at LPGP was not
pursued due to economic considerations. In the early part of this decade the
Power Authority undertook another evaluation of the LPGP upgrade, hiring Acres
International Corporation which produced a report entitled Plant Upgrade
Feasibility Study in October, 2004. The study evaluated the LPGP's effect
on NPP operation as well as identified the incremental capacity and re-timed
energy that might be produced by an LPGP upgrade. Also, it assessed whether
economic development power for WNY could be provided by an LPGP upgrade and
whether such an upgrade would be economically justified. The conclusions of
this study are that the LPGP is an integral part of the NPP and that an upgrade
of the LPGP would provide a shift in off-peak to on-peak generation, increasing
peak period generation while decreasing off-peak period generation. However,
this would result in a reduction in overall generation and would provide no
increase in baseload capacity. Also an upgrade of the LPGP would not provide
new hydropower for economic development in WNY. Finally, the 2004 study
concluded that an upgrade of the LPGP is not economically justified.
In 1990 NYPA began the program designed to upgrade the 13 Robert Moses units. Over time the effort evolved into major maintenance of the units due to normal wear and tear of 35 + years of operation. The upgrade in capability, which includes new turbines, will permit generation of more electricity at times of peak demand. To date 10 units have been upgraded from the original nameplate capacity of 167 MVA, 150 MW @ 0.9 power factor to 215 MVA, 193.5 MW @0.9 power factor. As a result of the upgrade the peak capacity will be increased from approximately 175 MW per unit to approximately 200 MW per unit, with efficiency improvements of 1-2% realized.
A slight increase of 1-2% in efficiency is expected, allowing approximately 250,000 MWh additional on-peak generation per year. This upgrade represents a more efficient use of diversion water and increases on-peak electrical production (even though decreasing off-peak production). It is anticipated that the efficiency improvement of 1-2% may increase the firm capability of the Project by approximately 35 MW. Once the upgrade is complete and all units are back on line and the Power Authority has performed an assessment of firm power available, any additional firm power will be allocated to customers according to the requirements of the NRA.
|
Year |
Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant Generation |
Lewiston Pumped Generating Plant |
Gross Generation |
Lewiston Pump Generating Plant Pumping |
Net Project Generation |
Cumulative Generation |
|
1961 |
7,283,494 |
3,281 |
7,286,775 |
11,716 |
7,275,059 |
7,275,059 |
|
1962 |
11,598,451 |
247,392 |
11,845,843 |
357,715 |
11,488,128 |
18,763,187 |
|
1963 |
10,458,789 |
395,503 |
10,854,292 |
569,500 |
10,284,792 |
29,047,979 |
|
1964 |
10,074,897 |
409,368 |
10,484,265 |
606,407 |
9,877,858 |
38,925,837 |
|
1965 |
11,612,022 |
414,578 |
12,026,600 |
616,817 |
11,409,783 |
50,335,620 |
|
1966 |
12,751,311 |
420,773 |
13,172,084 |
627,398 |
12,544,686 |
62,880,306 |
|
1967 |
13,875,638 |
418,458 |
14,294,096 |
637,619 |
13,656,477 |
76,536,783 |
|
1968 |
14,906,019 |
397,205 |
15,303,224 |
601,619 |
14,701,605 |
91,238,388 |
|
1969 |
16,199,494 |
477,095 |
16,676,589 |
737,366 |
15,939,223 |
107,177,611 |
|
1970 |
15,250,722 |
553,885 |
15,804,607 |
846,764 |
14,957,843 |
122,135,454 |
|
1971 |
15,162,825 |
593,897 |
15,756,722 |
904,406 |
14,852,316 |
136,987,770 |
|
1972 |
16,203,958 |
516,530 |
16,720,488 |
797,774 |
15,922,714 |
152,910,484 |
|
1973 |
17,798,910 |
402,362 |
18,201,272 |
655,818 |
17,545,454 |
170,455,938 |
|
1974 |
17,917,435 |
320,349 |
18,237,784 |
540,258 |
17,697,526 |
188,153,464 |
|
1975 |
17,764,366 |
361,043 |
18,125,409 |
599,168 |
17,526,241 |
205,679,705 |
|
1976 |
17,663,407 |
351,153 |
18,014,560 |
587,413 |
17,427,147 |
223,106,852 |
|
1977 |
15,631,245 |
406,453 |
16,037,698 |
648,445 |
15,389,253 |
238,496,105 |
|
1978 |
16,454,214 |
353,305 |
16,807,519 |
587,234 |
16,220,285 |
254,716,390 |
Table 4.1.1-1 (CONT.)
Total MWH Summary
|
Year |
Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant Generation |
Lewiston Pumped Generating Plant |
Gross Generation |
Lewiston Pump Generating Plant Pumping |
Net Project Generation |
Cumulative Generation |
|
1979 |
16,557,346 |
368,175 |
16,925,521 |
614,972 |
16,310,549 |
271,026,939 |
|
1980 |
17,356,075 |
353,314 |
17,709,389 |
596,699 |
17,112,690 |
288,139,629 |
|
1981 |
16,608,879 |
381,302 |
16,990,181 |
633,325 |
16,356,856 |
304,496,485 |
|
1982 |
16,242,896 |
347,875 |
16,590,771 |
582,776 |
16,007,995 |
320,504,480 |
|
1983 |
17,024,490 |
357,865 |
17,382,355 |
604,678 |
16,777,677 |
337,282,157 |
|
1984 |
17,047,629 |
304,611 |
17,352,240 |
520,954 |
16,831,286 |
354,113,443 |
|
1985 |
17,676,816 |
296,866 |
17,973,682 |
506,616 |
17,467,066 |
371,580,509 |
|
1986 |
18,406,318 |
194,895 |
18,601,213 |
315,905 |
18,285,308 |
389,865,817 |
|
1987 |
17,970,258 |
255,122 |
18,225,380 |
421,985 |
17,803,395 |
407,669,212 |
|
1988 |
15,205,366 |
360,000 |
15,565,366 |
592,377 |
14,972,989 |
422,642,201 |
|
1989 |
14,938,247 |
459,291 |
15,397,538 |
761,972 |
14,635,566 |
437,277,767 |
|
1990 |
15,668,824 |
426,286 |
16,095,110 |
708,634 |
15,386,476 |
452,664,243 |
|
1991 |
15,582,714 |
393,318 |
15,976,032 |
653,558 |
15,322,474 |
467,986,717 |
|
1992 |
15,680,108 |
404,958 |
16,085,066 |
678,381 |
15,406,685 |
483,393,402 |
|
1993 |
17,020,984 |
402,371 |
17,423,355 |
669,507 |
16,753,848 |
500,147,250 |
|
1994 |
15,912,829 |
466,766 |
16,379,595 |
775,979 |
15,603,616 |
515,750,866 |
|
1995 |
15,413,691 |
502,042 |
15,915,733 |
839,704 |
15,076,029 |
530,826,895 |
|
1996 |
15,846,377 |
496,024 |
16,342,401 |
805,420 |
15,536,981 |
546,363,876 |
|
1997 |
17,588,674 |
350,835 |
17,939,509 |
511,173 |
17,362,336 |
563,726,212 |
Table 4.1.1-1 (CONT.)
Total MWH Summary
|
Year |
Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant Generation |
Lewiston Pumped Generating Plant |
Gross Generation |
Lewiston Pump Generating Plant Pumping |
Net Project Generation |
Cumulative Generation |
|
1998 |
17,008,564 |
376,717 |
17,385,281 |
617,687 |
16,767,594 |
580,493,806 |
|
1999 |
13,252,091 |
542,724 |
13,794,815 |
882,661 |
12,912,154 |
593,405,960 |
|
2000 |
12,685,195 |
582,825 |
13,268,020 |
918,925 |
12,349,095 |
605,755,055 |
|
2001 |
12,046,473 |
573,774 |
12,620,247 |
934,172 |
11,686,075 |
617,441,130 |
|
2002 |
13,562,310 |
540,773 |
14,103,083 |
893,717 |
13,209,366 |
630,650,496 |
|
2003 |
12,537,732 |